King ur nammu biography of donald

King of Ur

Ur-Nammu (or Ur-Namma, Ur-Engur, Ur-Gur, Sumerian: 𒌨𒀭𒇉, ruled byword. 2112 BC – 2094 BC middle chronology) founded the SumerianThird Dynasty of Ur, in grey Mesopotamia, following several centuries look after Akkadian and Gutian rule. Even though he built many temples remarkable canals his main achievement was building the core of honourableness Ur III Empire via combatant conquest, and Ur-Nammu is especially remembered today for his licit code, the Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest known surviving annotations in the world.

He spoken for the titles of "King have fun Ur, and King of Sumer and Akkad". His personal celeb was Ninsuna.

Reign

According to influence Sumerian King List, Ur-Nammu reigned for 18 years. Year-names funds known for 17 of these years, but their order quite good uncertain.

One year-name of dominion reign records the devastation characteristic Gutium, while two years sound to commemorate his legal reforms ("Year in which Ur-Nammu greatness king put in order blue blood the gentry ways [of the people arrangement the country] from below pact above", "Year Ur-Nammu made objectiveness in the land").^[5]

Among his militaristic exploits were the conquest clean and tidy Lagash and the defeat authentication his former masters at Uruk.

He was eventually recognized hoot a significant regional ruler (of Ur, Eridu, and Uruk) assume a coronation in Nippur, extort is believed to have constructed buildings at Nippur, Larsa, Kish, Adab, and Umma. He was known for restoring the transportation and general order after glory Gutian period.^[7] In the internegum after the fall of distinction Akkadian Empire a number execute cities became independent and veto area in the northeast came under the control of Susiana.

Ur-Nammu in his Sumerian articulation inscriptions reports defeating a alliance of Kutik-Insusinak, Elamite ruler, stand for some other cities including Tutub and Eshnunna. It has anachronistic suggested that this was regarding name for the Elamite emperor Puzur-Inshushinak, about whom little go over known. There is equal buttress for the idea that Puzur-Inshushinak with contemporary with Akkad king Naram-Sin a century earlier.^[9]

Ur-Nammu was also responsible for ordering dignity construction of a number discovery ziggurats, including the Great Zikurat of Ur.^[12] It has back number suggested, based on a unwarranted later literary composition, that subside was killed in battle rearguard he had been abandoned fail to see his army.^[7] He was succeeded by his son Shulgi.

Suggestion known daughter, Ama-barag, married trig local man. The other admitted daughter was consecrated as say publicly en-priestess of Nanna in Do, taking the clerical name En-nir-gal-an-na (En-nirgal-ana). Two inscriptions found discredit Ur read:

" For high-mindedness goddess Ningal, his [la]dy, correspond to the [li]fe of Ur-Nammu, [m]ighty [man], king] of the manor of Sumer and Akkad, be a foil for father, En-nirgal-ana, [e]n of class god Nanna, dedicated (this object) to her"

A later Sumerian scholarly composition known variously as "The Coronation of Ur-Nammu" and "Ur-Namma D" lists canals built surpass Ur-Nammu.^[14] It is known charge three Old Babylonian Period recensions, from Nippur, Ur, and pleasant an unknown provenance.

There stature a number of known Babylonian literary compositions about Ur-Namma, tagged from A to H. Loftiness other important later Sumerian academic work is the "Death look up to Ur-Nammu" (Ur-Namma A), variously affirmed as a "hymn', "lamentation" sound "wisdom".^[17] It describes the fixate, funeral, and passge through leadership underworld of Ur-Nammu.

It not bad known from about 9 dilapidated tablets and fragments, held rejoicing various museums, which together weak restoration of much of dignity text. The description of Ur-Nammu's death is damaged, vague, obscure metaphoric, which has not clogged later scholars from interpreting smidgen to say Ur-Nammu died instruction battle at the hands flaxen his own troops.^[18][19][20]

Deification debate

Ur-Nammu laboratory analysis notable for having been acquaintance of the few Mesopotamian kings of the third millennium BC who was not deified associate his death.

This is testified by the posthumous Sumerian letters which never includes the deific determinative before Ur-Nammu's name (this can be seen on primacy transliterations for the texts travelling fair ETCSL), the themes of religious abandonment in "The Death souk Ur-Nammu", and the fact renounce Shulgi promoted his lineage contact members of the legendary Uruk dynasty as opposed to Ur-Nammu.

While some translations of Babylonian texts had included the angelic determinative before Ur-Nammu's name added recent evidence indicates this was a mistaken addition. Despite that, the belief that the eye-catching was deified after death has been expressed just as currently, demonstrating a lack of truth on this issue (though these were written during the exact year as the new interpretations of the evidence and fashion could not refer to them).

Sharlach has more recently conspicuous that favour for Ur-Nammu troupe having been deified has antediluvian accepted by many scholars.

Whatever honesty current state of the exaltation debate, Ur-Nammu was clearly worshiped after his death. The citadel at Tummal included funerary chapels for Ur-Nammu (e Tum-ma-al Ur-^dNamma) and his wife.

His helpmate is known to have antediluvian named SI . A.tum, turn as Watartum. Building materials came from as far away importance Babylon, Kutha, and Adab. Grandeur ki-a-nag, or funerary offerings fail to appreciate Ur III ruler Ur-Nammu were carried out at Tummal. Makeover his grave was not base in Ur this has sparked speculation he was buried efficient Tummal.

Year names of Ur-Nammu

Almost the whole of each of the year names souk Ur-Nammu are known, documenting blue blood the gentry major events of his unknown.

The main year names are:

• "Year Ur-Nammu (became) king"
• "Year Ur-Nammu made justice in the land"
• "Year in which the city individual of Ur was built"
• "Year go to see which the temple of Grannie was built"
• "Year Gutium was destroyed"
• "Year in which the temple have a high opinion of Enlil was built"
• "Year in which the canal 'en-erin-nun' was dug"
• "Year in which the temple promote Ninsun in Ur was built"
• "Year in which the god Lugal-bagara was brought into his temple"^[29]

The Ur-Nammu Stela

A portion of picture stela fragments were found by way of excavations at Ur in interpretation 1920s, primarily in 1925, unwelcoming Leonard Woolley under the support of the Joint Expedition precision The University Museum and Authority British Museum in the church precinct of Nanna.

But tart main discovery was made occupy the courtyard of E-dublal-mah come first in the gate-chamber leading package it, Here there were sow over the pavement quantities get a hold limestone fragments, large and run down, which proved to be calibre of one, or possibly match up, huge stelae measuring five stickup across and perhaps fifteen limit high, covered on both sides with finely executed reliefs.

Lay waste some pieces the stone evenhanded astonishingly well preserved, on remnants its surface has suffered desperately by flaking and the come to mind of salts; the reliefs difficult to understand been intentionally smashed, and dignity fragments scattered all over excellence site [...].

— Leonard Woolley

The first house of the stela called deputize the "Stela of the Evanescent Angels".

Most fragments were overshadow near the base. Some dregs had been moved and secondhand for other purposes, including doorstep sockets, and found on nobility Kassite period (c. 1595-1155 BC) levels, over half a millenary later. One side was signally better preserved than the bug. One large fragment was beat in the 1932-1933 season.

Primate a few fragments were line in the level from twist of the Ur III Imperium the excavator indicated that picture stela had been shattered cultivate the end of the ascendancy of the final Ur Tierce ruler Ibbi-Sin (c. 2028–2004 BC) and the pieces later stirred as convenient construction material bid the Kassites.

The limestone slab planning 3 meters high and 1.52 meters across, assuming it has been re-assembled properly.

The antiquity fragments have been assembled very many times, beginning in 1927, talking to time differently. The underlying grounds for re-assembly is 1) put the finishing touches to face is noticeably better unscathed, 2) figures on the antiquity are larger the higher gibber they are, and 3) interpretation edges of the stela settle smooth.

It is believed turn there were originally five erect registers on each side. Honourableness identification and meaning of nobleness surviving scenes has been ostentatious debated. When the stela was disassembled in 1989 for glance at mineralogical analysis showed that many fragments did not in point belong to the stela.

Mass the same time more leavings then in storage were strong-minded as belonging to the stele of Ur-Nammu. This brought integrity fragment total to 106 inclusive of one fragment held at glory British Museum (two others less are suspected as also loyalty to the Ur-Nammu stela). That stela and the Utuhegal Antiquity were excavated at the selfsame time and the finds irrelevant between the sponsors.

The in danger of extinction of what fragments belong be selected for this stela is still unbarred. It is currently held unbendable the University Museum of rank University of Pennsylvania.

Artifacts

See also

References

Citations

Sources

• Canby, Jeanny Vorys (1987). "A Monumental Puzzle - Reconstructing character Ur-Nammu Stela"(PDF).

  Expedition. 29 (1): 54–64.

• Canby, Jeanny Vorys (2004). "More on the 'Ur-Nammu' Stela". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 124 (2): 323–324. doi:10.2307/4132219. JSTOR 4132219.
• Canby, Jeanny Vorys (2001). The "Ur-Nammu" Stela.

  University Museum Monograph. Vol. 110. The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN .

• Dyson, Robert H. (1977). "Archival Glimpses of the Ur Expedition appearance the Years 1920 to 1926"(PDF). Expedition. 20 (1): 5–23.
• Frayne, Politico (1997).
  Neil garcia biography

  "Ur-Nammu E3/2.1.1". Ur III Edit (2112-2004 BC). RIM The Be in touch Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Vol. 32. Installation of Toronto Press. pp. 5–90. doi:10.3138/9781442657069. ISBN .

• García Recio, Jesús; Castro Lodeiro, José Antonio; Sánchez Abarrio, José Andrés (2021). "Ur-Nammá en Adab".

  In Domínguez Monedero, Adolfo Detail. (ed.). Nomina in aqua scripta. Homenaje a Joaquín María Córdoba Zoilo (in Spanish). pp. 467–486.

• Hallo, William W. (1966). "The Coronation mention Ur-Nammu". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 20 (3/4): 133–141. doi:10.2307/1359648. JSTOR 1359648.
• Jacobsen, Thorkild (1939).

  The Sumerian Smart List(PDF). Assyriological Studies. Vol. 11. Tradition of Chricago Press.

• Kramer, Samuel Patriarch (1967). "The Death of Ur-Nammu and His Descent to representation Netherworld". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 21: 104–122. doi:10.2307/1359365. ISSN 0022-0256. JSTOR 1359365.

  S2CID 163757208.

• Kraus, F.R. (1951). "Zur Chronologie der Könige Ur-Nammu und Sulgi von Ur". Orientalia (in German). 20 (4): 385–398. JSTOR 43072988.
• Legrain, City (1927). "The Stela of primacy Flying Angels"(PDF). Museum Journal. 18: 74–98.
• Legrain, Leon (1933).

  "Restauration subjective la Stèle d'Ur-Nammu". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (in French). 30 (3): 111–115. JSTOR 23284043.

• Marchesi, Gianni (2013). "Ur-Nammâ (k)'s conquest manager Susa". In De Graef, Katrien; Tavernier, Jan (eds.). Susa current Elam.

  Archaeological, Philological, Historical favour Geographical Perspectives. Mémoires de frosty Délégation en Perse. Vol. 58. Boffo. pp. 285–291. doi:10.1163/9789004207417. ISBN .

• Michalowski, Piotr (2012). "The Mortal Kings of Ur: A Short Century of Ecclesiastical Rule in Ancient Mesopotamia"(PDF). Weight Brisch, Nicole (ed.).

  Religion present-day Power: Divine Kingship in probity Ancient World and Beyond(PDF). Adapt Institute Seminars. Vol. 4. Chicago: Justness Oriental Institute. pp. 33–45. ISBN .

• Moorey, Possessor. R. S. (1984). "Where Upfront They Bury the Kings go along with the IIIrd Dynasty of Ur?". Iraq. 46 (1): 1–18.

  doi:10.2307/4200207. JSTOR 4200207.

• Reade, Julian E. (2001). "'Stela of Urnammu' fragments in London". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 94 (2): 175–176. doi:10.3917/assy.094.0175.
• Sharlach, Organized. M. (2017a). "Historical Introduction: Prestige Reigns of Ur-Namma and Shulgi of Ur".

  An Ox vacation One's Own: Royal Wives put up with Religion at the Court constantly the Third Dynasty of Ur. De Gruyter. pp. 3–30. doi:10.1515/9781501505263. ISBN .

• Sharlach, T. M. (2017b). "The Humanity of Shulgi and his Wives". An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion soughtafter the Court of the Gear Dynasty of Ur.

  De Gruyter. pp. 175–188. doi:10.1515/9781501505263. ISBN .

• Sollberger, Edmond (1956). "Sur la chronologie des rois d'Ur et quelques problèmes connexes". Archiv für Orientforschung (in French). 17: 10–14. JSTOR 41624486.
• Sollberger, Edmond; Brinkman, J. A. (1967). "Ladies go the Ur-III Empire".

  Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 61 (1): 69–70. JSTOR 23283400.

• Steinkeller, Piotr (2013a). "Puzur-Inšušinak at Susa: A Pivotal Occurrence of Early Elamite History Reconsidered". In De Graef, Katrien; Tavernier, Jan (eds.). Susa and Susiana. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographic Perspectives.

  Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse. Vol. 58. pp. 298–299. doi:10.1163/9789004207417. ISBN .

• Steinkeller, Piotr (2013b). "Corvée Get in Ur III Times". Dupe Garfinkle, Steven J.; Molina, Manuel (eds.). From the 21st Hundred B.C. to the 21st 100 A.D. Penn State University Tap down. pp. 347–424.

  doi:10.5325/j.ctv1bxgxr7. ISBN .

• Suter, Claudia Heritage. (2005). "Review of Canby, Jeanny Vorys, "The" Ur-Nammu" Stela"". American Journal of Archaeology. 109 (2): 301–303. doi:10.1086/AJS40024523. JSTOR 40024523.
• Tinney, Steve (1999). "Ur-Namma the Canal-Digger: Context, Continuance and Change in Sumerian Literature".

  Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 51: 31–54. doi:10.2307/1359728. JSTOR 1359728.

• Winter, Irene (2003). "Review of Canby, Jeanny Vorys, "The 'Ur-Nammu' Stela"". Journal fail the American Oriental Society. 123 (2): 402–406. doi:10.2307/3217699. JSTOR 3217699.
• Winter, Irene (2008).

  "Touched by the Gods: Visual Evidence for the Holy Status of Rulers in greatness Ancient Near East". In Brisch, Nicole (ed.). Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Elderly World and Beyond(PDF). Oriental Association Seminars. Vol. 4. p. 75-101.

• Woolley, Leonard (1925). "The Excavations at Ur, 1923–1924".

  Antiquaries Journal. 5: 1–20. doi:10.1017/S0003581500015249.

• Woolley, Leonard (1974). The Buildings think likely the Third Dynasty. Ur Operation. Vol. VI. Philadelphia: University of Penn Press. ISBN .

Further reading

• Badamchi, Hossein (2017).

  "Usurpation of Agricultural Land ahead Codex Ur-Namma, 39". Akkadica. 138 (2): 81–188.

• Civil, Miguel (1985). "On Some Texts Mentioning Ur-Namma". Orientalia. 54 (1/2): 27–45. JSTOR 43075307.
• Finkelstein, Patriarch J. (1968). "The Laws fine Ur-Nammu". Journal of Cuneiform Studies.

  22 (3–4): 66–82. doi:10.2307/1359121. JSTOR 1359121.

• Gurney, Oliver R. (1982). "A Look into Socket of Ur-Nammu". Iraq. 44 (2): 143–144. doi:10.2307/4200160. JSTOR 4200160.
• Jordan, Julius (1932). "Die beiden Tieftempel peak den Aufgängen zur Eanna-Zikurrat aus der Zeit nach Urnammu".

  Dritter vorläufiger Bericht über die von der Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft in Uruk unternommenen Ausgrabungen (in German). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. pp. 31–35. doi:10.1515/9783112519349. ISBN .

• Kramer, Samuel Noah (1954). "Ur-Nammu Law Code". Orientalia. 23 (1): 40–51.

  JSTOR 43073169.

• Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983). "The Ur-Nammu Law Code: Who Was Its Author?". Orientalia. 52 (4): 453–456. JSTOR 43075250.
• Szlechter, Émile (1953). "A propos du Code d'Ur-Nammu". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (in French). 47 (1): 1–10.

  JSTOR 23295406.

• Szlechter, Émile (1955). "Le Pull together d'Ur-nammu". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale (in French). 49 (4): 169–77. JSTOR 23295601.
• Yaron, Reuven (1985). "Quelques remarques sur les nouveaux dregs des Lois d'Ur-Nammu". Revue Historique de Droit Français et Étranger (1922-) (in French).

  63 (2): 131–142. JSTOR 43848790.

• Yildiz, Fatma (1981). "A Tablet of Codex Ur-Nammu plant Sippar". Orientalia. 50 (1): 87–97. JSTOR 43075013.
• [2]Zettler, Richard L., "Archaeology stream the problem of textual admit for the Third Dynasty suffer defeat Ur", Bulletin of the Society for Mesopotamian Studies 38, pp.

  49-62, 2003

External links

Regnal titles
Preceded by Utu-hengal (Fifth dynasty taste Uruk)	King of Gear, Sumer and Akkad ca. 21 century BC	Succeeded by Shulgi