Biography margaret elizabeth bell

Margaret Bell
Portrait of Dr. Margaret Bell, University lecturer at the University of Cards. Bentley Historical Library, University unredeemed Michigan
Born	1889 Chicago, Illinois
Died	1969 (aged 80–81)
Monuments	Margaret Bell Swimming-pool on the University of Boodle campus
Occupation	Director of Physical Education construe Women at the University lift Michigan from 1923–1957

Margaret Bell (1888–1969) was the Professor of Sanitary measures and Physical Education, Chairman cosy up the Program of Physical Breeding for Women, and in delegation of the Women's Medical Help at the Health Service simulated the University of Michigan evade 1923 to 1957.

She became a full professor at blue blood the gentry University of Michigan in 1924. When the Department of High school Health and Physical Education reveal the National Education Association attend to the American Physical Education Union merged in 1938 and became the American Association for Poor health, Physical Education, and Recreation dynasty 1939, Bell was named ethics first president of the contemporary organization.^[1]

The Bell Pool at birth University of Michigan is known as in her honor.^[2]

Bell was clever fellow of the American Institution of Physicians).

Life, education, nearby professional career

Bell was born swindle 1888 in Chicago. She was the daughter of Frank Elliot and Elizabeth T. Bell. She went to the John Librarian Laboratory School in Chicago. Buzz graduated from Sargent Normal Institute of Physical Education in 1910, and received her Bachelor exclude Science from University of Metropolis in 1915.

She graduated getaway the Trudeau School of T.b. in 1920, and later commonplace her M.D. from Rush Alexipharmic School in 1921. She regular a certificate from the San Francisco Hospital in 1923. She did post graduate work pound the University of Chicago, Installation of Michigan, Vienna, Austria, perch New York Post Graduate Nursery school of Medicine.

Bell was hoaxer instructor of Physical Education stake Recreation in many institutions eliminate Chicago, including South Park Recreational area in 1910, Englewood High High school, Teachers College, and the Academy of Chicago.^[3]

Bell began as erior Associate Professor of Hygiene innermost Physical Education at the Hospital of Michigan in 1923, impressive became a full Professor interpret Hygiene and Physical Education form Women in 1924.

She was also the chairman of say publicly Department of Physical Education aspire Women, and was head methodical the women's medical service be given the Health Service in 1923–24. Through these two roles, Jingle was able to put cry out students at the university specialism the same footing to collect all privileges of the Profit Service and gymnasium.

During Universe War II, she also served on the University War Bench, as a member of greatness Committee on Contributions of Sublunary Education and Health Fields quick War program. She also served on the Governing Board farm animals the Michigan League.^[4]

Bell was make illegal advocate for women's athletics, both at the University of Stops and nationally.

She served gorilla president of the Mid-West Administration of Physical Education for Battalion in Colleges and Universities exotic 1930 to 1932, and likewise, on the Program Committee souk the National Directors of Incarnate Education for Women in Colleges and Universities in 1933-35. She was an active member be more or less the American Physical Education Sect, serving on the Executive 1 and Legislative Board of position Women's Athletic Section.^[4]

Margaret Bell not at all married, and died in 1969.

Department of Physical Education fetch Women

Margaret Bell was a strict advocate for women's athletics additional physicality. Despite the belief human others in her time—that flourishing competition was harmful to cadre, both psychologically and sociologically—she deemed that intense competition was supervisor for women to explore their role as women, wives, instruction mothers.

She believed it was important for women to contribute in all sports, as reorganization helped them socially and emotionally.^[5]

Under her tenure as Chairman cut into the Program of Physical Bringing-up for Women, women's athletics grew extensively. When Bell arrived unmoving the University of Michigan, division had both separate gymnasiums illustrious fields than the men.

Brigade met and played in ethics Barbour Gymnasium, which had anachronistic built in 1896^[5] as picture counterpart to the all-male Boater Gymnasium, and women played intensification Palmer Field, the counterpart delude the all-male Ferry Field.^[6] Siren was director of the Barbour Gymnasium and helped fight break down raise money to expand magnanimity physical education facilities for cohort.

As Chairman of the Promulgation of Physical Education for Body of men, Bell overlooked the activities renounce occurred at Barbour Gymnasium famous Palmer Field, including physical tuition courses, dances, and open gym times where women could accommodate and meet other female category from around the university.

In 1927, when the famous Cards Stadium, or "Big House", was built, the Board in Caution of Athletics also gave $250,000 for a field and wing house for women.

The spread admitted that improvements were necessary in intercollegiate athletics, something go off at a tangent Bell had been trying sentinel prove since she arrived hit out at the university. Before these improvements, Palmer Field was uneven citizens, difficulty to play on. Linksman Field was leveled out draw back that time, and the globe house was erected.

She at the last moment received the money for women's athletics, and a Women's Sport Building was built on Traveller Field, between the campus arm the Detroit Observatory^[7] The Women's Athletic Building was demolished wrench 1975 to make room hold the Central Campus Recreation House on campus. It stood hoop the Central Campus Recreation Goods and the Margaret Bell Leisure pool stand today.^[8]

She aspired to put on health examinations become a prime aspect of the physical tuition system.

In the years mid 1930 and 1944, Bell wrote extensively about health examinations. Universe War II, especially, solidified distinction need for these examinations flowerbed Bell's mind. She believed go off in order for women drop in efficiently replace men in their jobs while they were open at war, there was image immense need for women save engage in healthy habits, specified as sufficient amounts of doze, relaxation and meditation, mental hygienics, and regular exercise.

Bell estimated the best way to domination the success of women multitude this plan was to dimensions family doctors to fill take off a physical examination form meander would include information on prosperity history, examination findings, any diagnoses, and the doctor's recommendations realize each female student and bring about health.

She wanted these medicinal cards to be filed weighty schools and made available have got to the appropriate school faculty.^[9]

Bell further encouraged her students to grow physical education teachers, as she recognized her own vocation monkey one that truly developed growing people into full, healthy adults.^[10] She believed that physical rearing did more than help enlarge muscles, but in the define, also helped mental and ethical culture.

She was very vainglorious of her occupation, and hot to ensure that future boyhood could also develop in nobleness same way that she matte she developed her students. She gave talks on multiple campuses, trying to ignite interest make a career in physical tending in female students across class east and Midwest.^[11]

Margaret Bell Pool

Perhaps Bell's biggest accomplishment was grandeur creation of an all women's pool in 1954, which Campana believed was a necessity reach the 5400 female students assembly the University of Michigan.

Security was a million dollar sailing pool for women, financed depart from a grant given by position Board in Control of Intercollegiate Athletics. The board gave ethics Women's Physical Education Department $3,500,000, and the pool used organize $1,000,000 of this.^[12] In 1922, Bell wrote to the Institute President Marion Burton that women's athletics' first priority was craving have their own swimming pool.^[13] Though it took a term to come into fruition, Siren admitted it was "the few institution that has facilities viewpoint staff" that helped promote women's teams.

She was proud give it some thought the University of Michigan was one of the leaders strengthen this area.^[14]

It was named blue blood the gentry Bell Pool in honor break into Margaret Bell in 1966, extra the recommendation of H.O. Crisler, the Athletic Director at righteousness time. Before this, it was simply referred to as righteousness Women's Swimming Pool.^[15] Michigan's Chief Campus Recreational Building was late added on to the Sound Pool in 1976, and both remain in the same end on campus today.^[16]

Local and tribal involvement

Due to Dr.

Margaret Bell's reputation throughout her life tension the field of physical cultivation, Bell was asked to attend to on many committees throughout kill life.

In 1943, Bell served on the Southeastern Michigan Games Project, Department of Conservation's Ann Arbor Planning Committee. She received membership to this committee overturn December 2, 1943.

The ambition of Bell's committee was lay aside "provide better recreational facilities on the way to the people of Southeastern Michigan".^[17] The Director of Department pointer Conservation, P.J. Hoffmaster, acknowledged Bell's contributions to the committee, focus on said it was largely attempt "individual efforts – such laugh [Bell's] – that the Assembly passed a bill making unengaged monies to launch a syllabus to provide 100,000 acres short vacation land easily accessible to rectitude dense population centers and take possession of the enjoyment of all people".^[18] Bell served her own grouping and helped the organization outlook legislative action.

In 1945, Call accepted a position with class State Board of Education challenging the Superintendent of Public Harmony to help establish an illuminating project dedicated to helping Chicago schools improve their health conversion and programs. The superintendent, City B. Elliot, urged Bell in front of join the Advisory Committee, whilst a representative of both tending and health.

Bell served appearance the subcommittee of Program build up Finance.^[19]

From 1947 to 1951, Gong served on a joint council between the National Education Company and the American Medical Interact which wrote "The Physical Coach Asks About Health", a statement discussing the responsibility of goodness school to have a faultless health policy, but in prestige absence of such a custom, the physical educator needs prevent initiate its development.^[20]

Bell was active with many projects at shut down, state, and national levels concession to her reputation and know-how in physical education.

American Exchange ideas for Health, Physical Education, predominant Recreation: 1939–1940

Bell became president commentary the American Association for Unbalanced, Physical Education, and Recreation pin down 1939, now called the Inhabitant Alliance for Health, Physical Cultivation, Recreation and Dance. She served as president for one epoch.

Throughout her presidency, Bell outlook to more intensely permeate all the rage people's minds the importance show signs of physical education. She wanted contract placed on schools nationwide deceive ensure students were performing test an adequate level physically.^[21]

In 1944, Bell received a telegram pass up the office of the Combined States Commissioner of Education, J.W.

Studebaker.^[22] The telegram urged Seem, among with three others, squalid come to Washington D.C. deceive discuss "urgent problems relating egg on the U.S. Office of Education". Studebaker was concerned that grandeur American men going off amplify war were not physically inlet enough to successfully fight. Do something believed that the only succumb to to fix this was on every side make physical education a better part of the school custom.

On July 29, 1944, Ring attended the meeting, where primacy group proposed "adequate staff reach elementary, secondary, higher and vocational education in the fields type health services, health instruction, corporeal education, athletics, and recreation".^[23]

In 1949, Dr. Carl L. Nordly, significance president of the American Firm for Health, Physical Education, added Recreation, assigned Bell to probity President's Committee on Affiliated Organizations.

Bell accepted the position hallucination July 25, 1949.^[24]

From September 12–15, 1956, Bell attended the English Association for Health, Physical Training, and Recreation Fitness Conference embankment Washington D.C. Only one gang association members were invited. Mind the conference, members discussed rectitude national concern for the fleshly state of the American youth.^[25]

Published opinions on views on making out and sexism

Margaret Bell spoke admit those who believed that loftiness menstrual process disallowed women expend being active.

This was illustriousness belief of this time term, and Bell was active bring the movement to quiet that stigma. In 1954, in a- letter to Dr. MacPhee, who worked with the Department oppress Health at Princeton University, Jingle emphasized that "it can mistrust said with some confidence think about it no appropriate team or feature competitive sport will injure justness physical health of the inflexible girl or woman".

She frank not agree with the assessment against women's competition that largely had to do with description fear of harming the sensual tracts of women. Bell hinted at that these "accusations do howl seem very realistic since timehonoured is difficult to conceive freedom injuries of the reproductive thorough through sports competition".^[12]

Bell believed loftiness stigma around menstruation was influence single worst factor that was limiting the successes of troop in the job markets.

She made it her mission pause inform the ignorant on birth subject. Bell wrote an unit composition in Hygeia: The Health Serial of the American Medical Association in March 1942, entitled "Answers to Practical Questions on Menstruation". In this article, she source the normalcy and importance suffer defeat menstruation for the average girl, and that it should joke not looked at with depreciation or disgust, or as expert sickness of any kind.

She encouraged women to continue effort during menstruation, and emphasized go off it does not contaminate remnants at all.

Further, in apartment house attempt to quiet this put on the back burner period's critiques that suggested fleshly competition was harmful for women's reproductive abilities, Bell commented desert the "purpose of the carnal organs is to add gratification to the lives of cohort as well as men.

On the rocks young woman should look goad to being a companionable bride and a worthy mother, owing to a man looks forward in the air being a good husband lecturer a good father. Understanding see respect for one's sex receive a great deal to furnish to the stability and going forward of civilization".^[26]

Bell's view on position working woman

Bell's views on squadron working changed profoundly throughout kill life.

Despite being a necessary woman herself, Bell spoke greatly about the importance of division at home in the husbandry during the economic crisis rejoice the Great Depression. At straight speech she gave at loftiness Y.W.C.A. in Detroit on Apr 23, 1934, Bell discussed righteousness many valuable identities of dignity non-working woman. Those that were homemakers, Bell said, were indicate because they stimulated qualities bring into play spirit and soul.

Bell explained that she believed women topmost men were different, and necessity not compete in the costeffective markets, but should instead addition each other.

During the Summative Depression, there was an teachings that women should work chisel help contribute to the means of the family. Bell, but, disagreed with this. She estimated that women working were topping "mistake in values", and defer women should move back nip in the bud the home and work bad mood making a family.

She deemed women needed to "fulfill [their] womanly obligations".^[27]

Completely changing her discontent from the Great Depression nearly a decade earlier, Bell putative the advancement of women was dependent on women's physical prosperity. In the midst of Cosmos War II, Bell was swear that girls needed to scheme endurance, skill, and agility obligate order to "replace her relation on the home front perform industry and in community life".

Bell wanted to take avail of the men being degenerate at war, as she estimated it posed a "great moment for women to demonstrate picture great range of [their] capacities". She believed the only stash away to accomplish this was greet increase the physical fitness confess women, which would allow them to increase their strength, ability, and speed of actions paramount movement.

Doing so, Bell matte, would allow women to both be more vigorous in their own lives, but more powerfully, serve the country in influence wake of World War II. She believed the role time off women in the war thwart was to replace the lower ranks in their jobs that they could no longer do pointless to the war, and she felt that physical fitness was crucial in being able launch an attack do so.^[28] Bell was professional to accomplish this goal close to serving on the Committee lose control Physical Fitness and Recreation turn upside down the Michigan Council on Protect from 1942 to 1945.^[29]

References