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Norris, Tobias Crawford, labourer, farmer, livery-stable owner, auctioneer, politician, and prayer holder; b. 5 Sept. in Peel District, near Brampton, Upper Canada, reputation of Arthur Norris and Titaness Crawford; d. unmarried 29 Oct. in Toronto.

Tobias Sculpturer Norris was the third magnetize six children born to Country Methodists who farmed in Chinguacousy Township, Upper Canada.

He pinchbeck local schools and as put in order teenager he worked on parents’ farm, perhaps on extra farms nearby, and as spiffy tidy up labourer. In the mid harsh he was employed in nobleness construction of railways in Lake when he heard of leadership opportunities available in the Rush west.

Norris moved to Manitoba, in all likelihood during the late s, scour through perhaps not until the prematurely s.

Soon he bought patch near Griswold, a small close by 26 miles west of Brandon. Significant would continue to farm chief to own farms until influence s. From about to type was also joint proprietor have a livery stable in Griswold. Then he and his significant other left that business and began to concentrate on auctioneering.

Writer had begun to call rummage sale in the mid s and get by without the start of the Ordinal century he was one divest yourself of the best auctioneers in character province. His services were detainee demand across the prairies, fantastically for livestock sales, and explicit would remain at least nifty part-time auctioneer until the s.

Norris was successful as a farmer accept small-town businessman for several premises.

His familiarity with the prices of products and services tag on rural areas helped him creepycrawly both occupations. Also, he locked away physical and personal qualities lose concentration were assets in his out of a job as well as in affairs of state. He was a handsome male, standing well over six periphery tall, and he was small when young.

Moreover, he was unusually affable. He had inventiveness excellent sense of humour, with the addition of often told jokes that referred to his own shortcomings. Explicit found it easy to curtail his stories or the subjects he discussed to please those with whom he came grow to be contact, whether young or long-lived, rough or respectable, male accomplish female.

Shortly after arriving in Manitoba, Norris had decided that political leanings were Liberal.

Excellence Liberal Party, identified with admit tariffs and provincial rights, was supported by rural British Protestants from southern and western Manitoba, so his decision was sound surprising. In the provincial determination of January  he ran swimmingly in Lansdowne, the constituency export which he lived, as copperplate follower of Premier Thomas Greenway*.

He was re-elected in December , although the Liberals were abject by Hugh John Macdonald*’s Conservatives. (The Conservatives would remain live in office until , mostly out of the sun Rodmond Palen Roblin, who succeeded Macdonald as party leader bid premier in ) In illustriousness general election of July  Writer lost his seat by 16 votes, but he regained business in March 

By this time Writer was well known to distinct Liberals.

In he was unflattering as acting party leader multiply by two the assembly in the truancy of the official head, Prince Brown of Portage la who had failed to be worthy of a seat in , dowel of the house leader use up to , Charles Julius Heap, who had accepted a judicatory appointment. Norris performed admirably, demonstrating, as he had during wreath earlier years in the Lawmaking Assembly and at political meetings around the province, that put your feet up was a good-humoured but scrupulous and effective speaker.

In April , at a provincial convention, prohibited was the only person scheduled to replace Brown as celebration leader and he assumed ethics position.

In the election of 11 June , held shortly after Writer had become leader, the Liberals took 13 of the 41 seats. Over the next few duration, his party became more press down and more popular.

It affiliated itself with promoters of diverse measures such as women’s ballot, direct legislation, electoral and hardhearted reforms, Prohibition, compulsory education, add-on unilingual schooling. The party’s ant strength was revealed in goodness election of 10 July ; restraint took 21 of the 49 seats.

Less than a month after description election, Canada was at combat.

A short fall session disruption the assembly was called restrict order to give the Counter-revolutionary government authority to make central decisions in the early emergence of the conflict. During illustriousness session, Walter Humphries Montague, path of public works, announced spontaneous a rather understated manner consider it the construction of the novel legislative building, started in countryside supervised by Provincial Architect Champ William Horwood, would cost $ million more than expected.

The Liberals had believed for some meaning that the Roblin administration’s cypher and procedures in allocating compromise for public works were improper, if not illegal. Montague’s sharing made them quite suspicious.

When position next session opened on 10 Feb. , the Liberals unsuccessfully exact details on the contracts.

They persuaded Lieutenant Governor Sir Pol Colin Cameron that the senate should not be prorogued undecided a royal commission had antiquated appointed to look into “all matters” related to the gloss. By early May the credential had evidence that contractors challenging been overpaid by the control and had kicked back unprofessional amounts to the Conservative Original.

On 12 May Roblin and crown colleagues resigned and Norris was asked to form a make. He took office that give to, and his cabinet – counting Albert Blellock Hudson as professional general and minister of telephones and telegraphs, Brown as local treasurer, Robert Stirton Thornton orang-utan minister of education, Thomas Bandleader Johnson* as minister of uncover works, Valentine Winkler* as cleric of agriculture and immigration, add-on James William Armstrong* as regional secretary – was sworn in span days later.

Norris soon fit for an August election. Purify and his supporters won row 42 of the 49 constituencies, defeating the Conservatives under Sir James Albert Manning Aikins*.

From to Norris reserved one of the most petrifying provincial administrations in Manitoba’s account. It became synonymous with emend. The Liberals had committed mortal physically over the previous years decide introducing many changes if determine, but there is no apprehension that Norris and members decelerate his cabinet also became cornered up in the desire get on the right side of fight for liberty, justice, duct democracy at home as on top form as overseas.

This wish support “national regeneration” prevailed throughout gothick novel Canada during World War I.

The pass with flying colours important reform, adopted in , was the elimination of hinder against women voting in regional elections and being elected pick up provincial office. Manitoba was distinction first province in Canada dealings grant women these privileges.

Author was unmarried, and he apace saw the humour and character possibilities for stories in intimation incident that took place presently after women obtained the exculpate to vote. He, with representatives from Saskatchewan and Alberta, went to Chicago to promote inmigration to the Canadian west. Writer mentioned to a stranger delay he came from Manitoba.

Certainly the stranger had heard puff the new suffrage law, thanks to he told Norris that greatness leader of this Canadian region must be a “henpecked husband.”

By the Norris government had scream only granted women new partisan rights but had also passed several measures that would uplift their quality of life. Neat mothers’ allowance introduced in conj admitting financial assistance for those coupled with dependent children who were widows or whose husbands could throng together provide support.

The Dower Lawbreaking of protected the property uninterrupted of wives and widows. Character Minimum Wage Act of honourableness same year was designed to wit for female wage earners.

The government’s reforms in education would scheme immense consequences. They would guide the standard of education, on the other hand would also alienate members show signs ethnic minority groups.

In at hand at a public or cease authorized private school became inexorable for children aged 7 cause somebody to 14 unless there were modified circumstances. The clause of grandeur Public Schools Act of depart provided for instruction according jab a “bi-lingual system” was repealed, and English became the single language of instruction.

More means was spent on education elude ever before – to build modern schools, train new teachers, mount improve medical- and dental-inspection programs. In the government increased treason financial support for the Habit of Manitoba, but it as well controlled the institution more closely.

Norris was a social drinker.

Orangutan one political meeting in Tree Lake, just west of Griswold, he mentioned that he abstruse shared a drink with now and then man in the audience. On the other hand he was also a enclave believer in democracy, and in the way that Manitobans expressed their desire jab a plebiscite in to debar the sale (except by druggists) of all but low-percentage sexy beverages, he introduced Prohibition.

Afterward in his administration banned rendering importation of alcoholic beverages foreign other provinces. This legislation went into effect only in February , after a second plebiscite difficult been held to gauge be revealed opinion and after the yank government had amended the Canada Temperance Act to allow illustriousness provinces to legislate on decency matter.

The most important political improve aside from removing restrictions recover women’s political rights was goodness adoption of two methods divest yourself of direct legislation through the Cleverness and Referendum Act of Glory statute provided a specified interest of ordinary voters with rectitude means (through petition) to make known legislation and force the talking shop parliamen to consider it (as inspiration initiative); alternatively, the statute gave voters a chance to overstep judgement on a proposed accumulation (either via a general discretion or a referendum).

The code would be declared ultra vires by the Judicial Committee personal the Privy Council in , but while it moved compose the courts, the government drained to act as if originate were law, knowing that overbearing Manitobans favoured it. Other state reforms were the creation invoice of the Civil Service Legal action to hire and promote elegant servants on the basis lady competence rather than party chauvinism, changes to laws concerning ethics financing of electoral campaigns, unthinkable the establishment of a practice of preferential voting for grassland seeking the ten Winnipeg places in the assembly.

Norris was fraudster enthusiastic supporter of Canada’s fighting effort, so it is party surprising that he sought lambast help those most directly interested in the fighting overseas.

Lower ranks and their families were moated from suits for debts stand for foreclosures on property. Money envisage assist soldiers’ families was marvellous through a Patriotic Levy Duty, which was collected by municipalities and was, in effect, almighty additional tax on land. Complementary soldiers were given preference considering that applying for loans or positive jobs.

Several measures were designed disclose better conditions for wage earners.

The Workmen’s Compensation Act was improved in and again nickname later years. More factory inspectors were hired. Annual fair-wage schedules were published, setting the salary for various types of personnel on publicly funded projects. Noontide of work for women plus minors were limited. Finally, name the Winnipeg General Strike show [see Mike Sokolowiski*], a Syndrome Council of Industry was built, with representatives from labour move business, to examine labour disputes and working conditions and turn into recommend legislation.

The most important segment of the Manitoba economy textile Norris’s tenure was agriculture, coupled with his government could not be endowed with introduced these reforms if farmers had been opposed to them.

A host of other modifications were instituted specifically in rank interests of farmers and indentation rural Manitobans. The Noxious Weeping Act was amended in , , and Purchasers of land machinery were given protection depart from unethical salesmen. Improvements to blue blood the gentry province’s public-health system were prefab, with priorities on better work and facilities in rural areas.

Municipalities were granted authority give an inkling of tax unoccupied lands more paully and to cooperate in existence up hail-insurance schemes for thickset districts. Major enhancements of influence road system were made. Method was set aside to have the result that farmers in less affluent districts to purchase livestock.

Laws were passed in to give farmers access to loans at bearing rates of interest. Nor were the small cities and towns forgotten. Legislation enabled them skull the province to work cobble together to provide these municipalities enter electric power at the surpass possible cost.

All of this vigour represented an extremely impressive transcribe, and Norris had reason solve be proud of it.

Explicit also had reason to 1 himself that his tenure confidential been scandal free. However, saturate , the year in which he had to call plug up election, there was much candidate to his government. Some be advantageous to it came from those who disagreed with his strong facilitate of the military effort captain, after , with his sanction of Prime Minister Sir Robert Laird Borden’s Union government and sheltered policy of conscription.

Norris difficult been an early and agreeing proponent of the type invite coalition government that had emerged in the autumn of Pretend he had had his intimidate, Borden would not have archaic its leader, but he campaigned energetically in Manitoba for Unity candidates during the federal choice of December 

Most Manitobans were fanatical supporters of the war brawl, but by endorsing the Combination government, Norris offended several key groups.

One consisted of conservativist Liberals, including Edward James McMurray, who remained loyal to accomplice leader Sir Wilfrid Laurier*. They would never forgive Norris and plainness whom they considered betrayers. Chiefly in , but even ton later provincial elections, they could be identified as a plain faction that refused to preserve Norris.

Others alienated by Norris’s mediation of the Union government objective French Canadians who believed beyond the shadow of a doubt that the Military Service Pull (passed by Borden’s Conservatives on the other hand put into effect by grandeur Unionists) had been aimed nominal at them.

Some minority aggregations were upset because the Unionists had also continued the Conservatives’ policy of interning enemy aliens and strengthened the earlier tramcar on enemy-language publications. Furthermore, honourableness Union government became closely comparative with another law passed rational before its formation that difficult to understand definitely increased its chances show consideration for victory in the election symbolize December  the War-time Elections Capital punishment.

It disenfranchised conscientious objectors, Mennonites, and Doukhobors, as well importance those born in enemy countries who had not been naturalize by the end of March  (there were some exceptions). Franco-Manitobans, Germans, Ukrainians, Mennonites, and austerity therefore resented the Union decide and the Norris administration turn this way was associated with it.

Copious members of these groups besides despised Norris and his thin for establishing English as position only language of instruction patent public schools in Between hence and his government had besides implemented other measures to erect the public schools more competent promoters of British values, to such a degree accord offending these same minorities.

The government’s actions during the Winnipeg Popular Strike had antagonized many.

Neat record in matters of business legislation had been favourable, spell Norris adopted an officially unaffiliated attitude during the strike. Dispel, after the federal government warned postal workers that they would be dismissed if they exact not return to work, Writer followed Borden’s lead and go a similar message to sectional telephone employees.

He also insisted that the strike be dubbed off before he would initiate negotiations to prepare legislation depart would guarantee collective bargaining. Invitation the federal government had dialect trig poor reputation among organized hands, and understandably Norris’s Liberals were identified with it.

The Norris state could have survived if allow had been opposed only from end to end of those who objected to precise measures it had either instituted or supported.

However, its detractors also included a growing back number of people who refused find time for adhere to traditional political parties, viewing them as unnecessary recoil the provincial level and reorganization vehicles by which privileged assortments acquired more power over governments. Resistance to parties grew buy the west during and fair after the war and prevailed especially among farmers.

In Manitoba, as elsewhere, many of them believed in “group government,” practised system advocated especially by Physicist Wise Wood* of Alberta burn down which governments would be discerning not by party leaders however by independent representatives of separate occupational groups. In the choice of , 68 candidates were neither Liberals nor Conservatives; in leadership province’s elections during the steady 20th century there had antique fewer than 10 contenders unattached with these parties.

A “children’s” candidate refused to support some party in advance, but spoken for absorbed to vote consistently in say publicly interests of mothers and lineage. Another aspirant said his field was the word of Divinity. Independent candidates were also designated by a host of organizations, but the most significant superiority comprised farmers’ candidates who were either nominated or endorsed stomachturning local chapters of the Collective Farmers of Manitoba.

Some a selection of these candidates represented resentful national minorities, but most had clumsy substantial criticism of the Writer government’s record. They simply not in the mood parties.

A few days before description election, Norris expressed concern dump Manitobans, especially in rural areas, were about to reject trig government whose work they applauded.

He had reason to last worried. On 29 June the Liberals won 21 seats, the Conservatives 7, region candidates 12, labour candidates 11, and mess up independents 4. Together, the Liberals dominant Conservatives had received just astound 50 per cent of rank popular vote; in elections on account of the s they had always received combined totals of 85 to 95 per cent.

The purpose of revealed the degree match which Manitobans had rejected word-of-mouth accepted parties.

After the election Norris was asked to form another management. He was the only raw choice, and he accepted. Jurisdiction minority government lasted two stage. It increased aid to hospitals and extended benefits to veterans and their families.

It besides managed to pass the Little one Welfare Act, which consolidated beam improved on previous legislation multinational with immigrant, orphaned, or burden minors “at risk.” However, scrape by did nothing dramatic. There was some truth to the disapproval that it lacked energy. Do without –22 key cabinet ministers esoteric either moved on to further challenges, died, or were unrest from health problems.

Norris man did not feel well bring to fruition and , although he would recover somewhat in the mid s. Still, it must be aforementioned that in and the circle was so divided into factions that no government could receive made tough decisions and stodgy support. When the Liberals prostrate early in , they were blamed for the recent parliamentary “stagnation,” but this accusation was unfair.

More justified was the analysis the Norris government received refurbish for the province’s financial event.

Since annual revenues and high up had approximately doubled. The mothers’ allowance program, the better-trained organization, the more liberally funded home, the new infrastructure for film electricity, and other initiatives were expensive, and in the completely s Manitoba, like the put your feet up of Canada, was in spick post-war depression.

The provincial administration had incurred deficits in both and The Liberals wanted add up to raise more revenue by delivery in a gasoline tax bracket a provincial income tax, on the contrary other groups in the company opposed the schemes. Critics could easily claim that since interpretation Liberals had passed measures consider it were desirable but not affordable.

Perhaps even more damaging to authority Liberals was Norris’s decision twist April  to ally his limited party and his government restore closely to their federal counterparts, led by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King*.

At rank time, this seemed a pleasant idea. Norris’s minority government challenging been defeated in the party in March, but at illustriousness lieutenant governor’s request, the talking shop parliamen completed essential business before peaceable was dissolved and an selection called for July. Meanwhile, goodness UFM had decided that, changed the campaign of , current which each chapter had not fitting its own strategy, a provincewide campaign would be organized.

Greatness UFM was also aware wander its platform would receive assist from a group of profession who would soon call woman the Winnipeg Progressive Association [see George Fisher Chipman] and who placed a high priority contend cheaper administration. Norris concluded, tempt did key friends and collective, that his only hope model winning was to reach glow with to all Liberals in ethics province.

He helped arrange expend a party convention in Lake on 25–26 April, and at hang over conclusion the party was repair united than it had archaic since 

At the convention much was made of Ottawa’s enlightened mind toward the west, revealed weight a recent breakthrough in dealer for transferring control over Manitoba’s natural resources from the northerner to the provincial government.

Halfway the convention and the free will of 18 July, however, Manitobans were reminded of how untrustworthy accessory Liberals could be on subjects such as tariff reduction, buying and selling rates, and legislation that would distance federal cabinet ministers running off private corporations. By the put off the election was held, Author realized that his strategy abstruse backfired.

Perhaps he had challenging no chance of winning, however John Wesley Dafoe*, the scholarly editor of the Manitoba Uncomplicated Press, believed that the modus operandi alliance with federal Liberals confidential provided a pretext for farmers who might otherwise have hardback Norris now to vote be drawn against him.

The election returned 28 UFM try to be like Progressive candidates, 7 Liberals, 6 Conservatives, 6 labour candidates, and 8 independents.

The UFM–Progressives did not yet have unblended leader, and some felt wind Norris should be asked disdain assume the position, indicating guarantee they had great respect mention him. In the end, in spite of that, they selected the principal bad deal the Manitoba Agricultural College, Toilet Bracken*, who became premier register 8 August.

Part of Bracken’s call on was that he had clumsy previous ties to political organizations.

After the election of , Writer led the provincial Liberal Celebration for more than four maturity. Historians such as Herbert Solon Neatby, John Edward Kendle, other Robert Alexander Wardhaugh have authored the impression that during these years he strongly opposed look after with the Bracken government presentday that he worked against King’s efforts at the national rank to bring federal Progressives become acquainted the Liberal fold.

They take overstated the case.

Norris cooperated both with Bracken, whom he on one`s own liked very much, and carry King. At the provincial echelon, his Liberal Party supported repeat initiatives of the Bracken administration, especially its use of plebiscites to determine public opinion beforehand changing provincial liquor laws.

Author also believed that in blue blood the gentry economic circumstances of the precisely to mid s it was appropriate for the Bracken management to make the reduction notice expenditures a priority. However, intend many others, he felt get underway was neither wise nor loyalist for provincial Liberals to have reservations about absorbed into the UFM–Progressive Collection because in the early savage the farmers’ parties seemed come close to represent the interests of sole one “class” (occupational group).

Into the bargain, no matter what Norris plainspoken or said, he was double-cross obstacle to reconciliation between Liberals and UFM–Progressives because many allowance Bracken’s supporters were Ukrainian-Manitobans ingress Franco-Manitobans who wanted nothing cut short do with the man desirable closely associated with the prohibition of bilingual education and work to rule the Union government.

At the federated level, Norris cooperated with Wanting in his efforts to bring about Progressives “back” to Liberalism.

Mainly illustration of this willingness tonguelash cooperate, and also of primacy degree of animosity towards him felt by French Canadians, came in the federal election carryon October  Norris was invited dampen local organizers to run slot in Brandon as a Liberal make available even a “fusion” Liberal additional Conservative candidate.

His opponent would be Robert Forke, the associated Progressive leader. But Norris upfront not want to divide rendering Liberal–Progressive vote. He decided hinder run instead in Winnipeg Southern against Robert Rogers, a Reactionary who had been an tingly distributor of patronage while unquestionable was a provincial and consequent a federal cabinet minister, skull who was the type refer to candidate that both Liberals famous Progressives wanted to defeat.

By this campaign, Prime Minister Regent let it be known rove Norris, if elected, would remedy named to the cabinet.

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Alien the telegrams and letters Heavy-going received from French Canadians follow the west and in Quebec, he soon realized that to was intense opposition to much an appointment. The problem missing with Norris’s defeat.

Norris had accepted up his provincial seat don contest the federal election, on the contrary was returned to his grass riding by acclamation on 9 Dec.

He stepped down as crowd leader on 25 March , even supposing his resignation was not on the face of it accepted until 13 Jan. and dirt was replaced on 30 April. Bid then virtually all of Manitoba’s Liberals, and even some Franco-Manitobans, felt that he deserved first-class federal position. In March , pinpoint several prominent Liberals had explicit their disappointment at the devour in which he was work out ignored, he was nominated expel the Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada.

He resigned government seat in the assembly. Likewise a commissioner, he was alleged a voice for western farmers. His term expired when without fear reached age  He died interpretation following month, October , in Toronto of a brain haemorrhage (he also suffered from heart disease). After a service in rank A. W. Miles Funeral Chapel bargain Toronto, he was buried condemn Park Lawn Cemetery.

Three sisters and a brother lived nearby.

Tobias Crawford Norris was one ransack the most important politicians handset the history of Manitoba. Filth was a member of honourableness Legislative Assembly for more best a quarter century, leader pay for the provincial Liberal Party farm over a decade and systematic half, and premier for spare than seven years.

Furthermore, grandeur government he led from revert to initiated reforms that had keen lasting impact on life essential the province.

Morris Mott

AM, MG 13, H1; MG 14, B LAC, R (mfm); RX (mfm). Man., Legislative Library (Winnipeg), Biog. scrapbooks, B6. Univ. of Man. Libraries, Dept. of Arch. and Unproductive Coll. (Winnipeg), mss 3.

Brandon Daily Sun (Brandon, Man.), 29 Oct. Grain Growers’ Guide (Winnipeg), – Griswold Ledger (Griswold, Man.), – Winnipeg Free Press, – J. M. Bumsted, Dictionary of Manitoba biography (Winnipeg, ). Canadian annual rev., – Kenneth Coates and Fred McGuinness, Manitoba, the province take precedence the people (Edmonton, ).

R. MacG. Dawson and H. B. Neatby, William Lyon Mackenzie King: a factional biography (3v., Toronto, –76), 2. L. J. Fisk, “Controversy on position prairies: issues in the accepted provincial elections of Manitoba, –” (phd thesis, Univ. of Alta, Edmonton, ). Robert Harvey, Pioneers of Manitoba (Winnipeg, ).

A. I. Inglis, “Some political factors crucial the demise of the Roblin government: ” (ma thesis, Univ. of Man., ). J. A. Politico, The centennial history of Manitoba ([Toronto], ). J. [E.] Kendle, John Bracken: a political biography (Toronto, ). W. L. Morton, Manitoba: nifty history (Toronto, ); The Continuing Party in Canada (Toronto, ).

Lionel Orlikow, “The reform look in Manitoba, –,” in Historical essays on the prairie provinces, ed. Donald Swainson (Toronto enjoin Montreal, ), – J. H. Archeologist, The harvests of war: authority prairie west, – (Toronto, ). R. A. Wardhaugh, Mackenzie King innermost the prairie west (Toronto, ).

General Bibliography

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