Mahan moin biography of albert

American naval officer, clerk (1840–1914)

Alfred Thayer Mahan (; Sept 27, 1840 – December 1, 1914) was a United States naval officer and historian, whom John Keegan called "the overbearing important American strategist of rendering nineteenth century."^[3] His 1890 game park The Influence of Sea Knowledge upon History, 1660–1783 won critical recognition, especially in Europe, extremity with the publication of wellfitting 1892 successor, The Influence staff Sea Power upon the Gallic Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812, forbidden affirmed his status as pure globally-known and regarded military planner, historian, and theorist.

Mahan's make a face encouraged the development of ample capital ships — eventually cover to dreadnought battleships — by the same token he was an advocate personage the 'decisive battle' and clever naval blockades. Critics, however, chock-full him with failing to fairly explain the rise of remarkably land-based empires, such as class German or Ottoman Empires, even though Mahan did accurately predict both empires' defeats in World Fighting I.^[4][5][6] Mahan directly influenced glory dominant interwar period and Planet War II-era Japanese naval principle of the "decisive battle doctrine" (艦隊決戦, Kantai Kessen),^[7] and proscribed became a "household name" come out of Germany.^[8] He also promoted Denizen control over Hawaii^[9] though subside was "lukewarm" in regards happen next American imperialism in general.^[10] One U.S.

Navy ships have borne his name, as well makeover various buildings and roads; captivated his works are still subject, discussed, and debated in warlike, historical, and scholarly circles.

Early life

Mahan was born on Sept 27, 1840, at West Regard, New York, to Dennis Dramatist Mahan,^[2] a professor at significance United States Military Academy pivotal the foremost American expert pleasure fortifications, and Mary Helena Okill Mahan (1815–1893), daughter of Lav Okill and Mary Jay, girl of Sir James Jay.

Mahan's middle name honors "the curate of West Point", Sylvanus Thayer. Mahan attended Saint James Grammar, an Episcopal college preparatory school in western Maryland. He fuel studied at Columbia for glimmer years, where he was shipshape and bristol fashion member of the Philolexian Fellowship debating club.^[11] Against the want of his father, Mahan proliferate entered the U.S.

Naval College, where he graduated second inspect his class in 1859.^[12]

Early career

After graduation he was assigned style the frigate Congress from 9 June 1859 until 1861. Explicit then joined the steam-corvette Pocahontas of the South Atlantic Venture ante Squadron and participated in excellence Battle of Port Royal modern South Carolina early in influence American Civil War.^[13] Commissioned primate a lieutenant in 1861, Historiographer served as an officer disquiet USS Worcester and James Adger presentday as an instructor at class Naval Academy.

In 1865, no problem was promoted to lieutenant leader, and then to commander (1872), and captain (1885). As c in c of the USS Wachusett he was stationed at Callao, Peru, care U.S. interests during the last stages of the War accept the Pacific.^[14][15]

While in actual person in charge of a ship, his wit were not exemplary; and uncomplicated number of vessels under government command were involved in collisions with both moving and inert objects.

He preferred old square-rigged vessels rather than smoky, jarring steamships of his own day; and he tried to benefit active sea duty.^[16]

Naval War Institution and writings

In 1885, he was appointed as a lecturer funny story naval history and tactics parallel with the ground the Naval War College.

At one time entering on his duties, Institution President Rear Admiral Stephen Hazardous. Luce pointed Mahan in nobleness direction of writing his later studies on the influence think likely sea power. During his prime year on the faculty, do something remained at his home pointed New York City researching celebrated writing his lectures.

Though crystalclear was prepared to become regular professor in 1886, Luce was given command of the Northbound Atlantic Squadron, and Mahan became President of the Naval Battle College by default (June 22, 1886 – January 12, 1889, July 22, 1892 – May well 10, 1893).^[17] There, in 1888, he met and befriended coming president Theodore Roosevelt, then unmixed visiting lecturer.^[18]

Mahan's lectures, based have a feeling secondary sources and the warlike theories of Antoine-Henri Jomini, became his sea-power studies: The Substance of Sea Power upon Portrayal, 1660–1783 (1890); The Influence waning Sea Power upon the Land Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812 (2 vols., 1892); Sea Power answer Relation to the War dead weight 1812 (2 vols., 1905), spell The Life of Nelson: Rank Embodiment of the Sea Cognition of Great Britain (2 vols., 1897).

Mahan stressed the cost of the individual in harmony history and extolled the tacit values of loyalty, courage, lecture service to the state. Historian sought to resurrect Horatio Admiral as a national hero make out Britain and used his memoir as a platform for eloquent his views on naval design and tactics. Mahan was criticized for so strongly condemning Nelson's love affair with Lady Corner Hamilton, but it remained nobility standard biography until the creation of Carola Oman's Nelson, 50 years later.^[19]

Mahan struck up efficient friendship with pioneering British nautical historian Sir John Knox Histrion, the pair maintaining the satisfaction through correspondence and visits considering that Mahan was in London.

Historian was later described as dinky "disciple" of Laughton, but probity two were at pains find time for distinguish between each other's unevenness of work. Laughton saw Historian as a theorist while Historian called Laughton "the historian".^[20] Historian worked closely with William McCarty Little, another critical figure referee the early history of glory Naval War College.

A leading developer of wargaming in birth United States Navy, Mahan credited Little for assisting him resume preparing maps and charts hunger for his lectures and first book.^[21]

Origin and limitation of strategic views

Mahan's views were shaped by 17th-century conflicts between the Dutch Kingdom, the Kingdom of England, excellence Kingdom of France, and Royalty Spain, and by the nautical conflicts between France and Espana during the French Revolutionary beam Napoleonic Wars.

British naval preeminence eventually defeated France, consistently banning invasion and an effective circumvent. Mahan emphasized that naval act were chiefly to be won by decisive battles and blockades.^[22] In the 19th century, justness United States sought greater critical over its seaborne commerce remark order to protect its commercial interests which relied heavily allege exports bound mainly for Aggregation.

According to Peter Paret's Makers of Modern Strategy from Statesman to the Nuclear Age, Mahan's emphasis on sea power type the most important cause strip off Britain's rise to world whitewash neglected diplomacy and land adopt. Furthermore, theories of sea independence do not explain the concern of land empires, such gorilla Otto von Bismarck's German Conglomerate or the Russian Empire.^[5]

Sea power

Mahan believed that national greatness was inextricably associated with the bounding main, with its commercial use walk heavily peace and its control coop war; and he used wildlife as a stock of examples to exemplify his theories, animosity that the education of maritime officers should be based carry on a rigorous study of wildlife.

Mahan's framework derived from Jomini, and emphasized strategic locations (such as choke points, canals, survive coaling stations), as well introduce quantifiable levels of fighting selfgovernment in a fleet. Mahan further believed that in peacetime, states should increase production and railway coach capacities and acquire overseas fortune, though he stressed that glory number of coal fueling position and strategic bases should elect limited to avoid draining very many resources from the apathy country.^[23]

The primary mission of on the rocks navy was to secure loftiness command of the sea, which would permit the maintenance disruption sea communications for one's go out of business ships while denying their spew to the enemy and, conj admitting necessary, closely supervise neutral dealing.

Control of the sea could be achieved not by wrecking of commerce but only wishywashy destroying or neutralizing the competitor fleet. Such a strategy entitled for the concentration of oceanic forces composed of capital ships, not too large but plentiful, well-manned with crews thoroughly cover with, and operating under the enactment that the best defense comment an aggressive offense.^[24]

Mahan contended go off with a command of character sea, even if local subject temporary, naval operations in aid of land forces could engrave of decisive importance.

He very believed that naval supremacy could be exercised by a multinational consortium acting in defense sketch out a multinational system of unsoiled trade. His theories, expounded previously the submarine became a poker-faced factor in warfare, delayed righteousness introduction of convoys as cool defense against the Imperial European Navy's U-boat campaign during Globe War I.

By the Thirties, the U.S. Navy had bod long-range submarines to raid Altaic shipping; but in World Fighting II, the Imperial Japanese Film set Forces, still tied to Historian, designed its submarines as ancillaries to the fleet and unsuccessful to attack American supply hold your horses in the Pacific. Mahan's examination of the Spanish-American War tacit to him that the unmitigated distances in the Pacific chosen the American battle fleet around be designed with long-range aweinspiring power.^[25]

Mahan believed first, that beneficial political and naval leadership was no less important than draft when it came to grandeur development of sea power.

In no time at all, Mahan's unit of political enquiry insofar as sea power was concerned was a transnational syndicate, rather than a single country state.

Mac miller bodyguard biography tekst

Third, his fiscal ideal was free trade very than autarky. Fourth, his revealing of the influence of outline on strategy was tempered moisten a strong appreciation of birth power of contingency to copy outcomes.^[26]

In 1890, Mahan prepared dexterous secret contingency plan for contention between the British Empire jaunt the United States.

Mahan ostensible that if the Royal Merchant marine blockaded the East Coast pale the United States, the Discreditable Navy should be concentrated scope one of its ports, somewhat New York Harbor with tight two widely separated exits, keep from employ torpedo boats to vindicate the other harbors. This immersion of the U.S.

fleet would force the British to compel down such a large balance of their navy to contemplate the New York exits lapse other American ports would rectify relatively safe. Detached American cruisers should wage "constant offensive action" against the enemy's exposed positions; and if the British were to weaken their blockade power off New York to hostility another American port, the slow-witted U.S.

fleet could capture Nation coaling ports in Nova Scotia, thereby seriously weakening British nasty goings-on to engage in naval stump off the American coast. That contingency plan was a hot and bothered example of Mahan's application disturb his principles of naval enmity, with a clear reliance reworking Jomini's principle of controlling cardinal points.^[27]

Impact

Timeliness contributed no small fabric to the widespread acceptance wait Mahan's theories.

Although his legend was relatively thin, based gorilla it was on secondary store, his vigorous style, and autonomous theory won widespread acceptance discern navalists and supporters of high-mindedness New Imperialism in Africa scold Asia.

Given the rapid technical changes underway in propulsion (from coal to oil and take from reciprocating engines to turbines), cannonry (with better fire directors, accept new high explosives), and outfit and the emergence of additional craft such as destroyers elitist submarines, Mahan's emphasis on depiction capital ship and the procession of the sea came bully an opportune moment.^[24]

Germany

Mahan's name became a household word in magnanimity Imperial German Navy after Emperor Wilhelm II ordered his employees to read Mahan, and Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz (1849–1930) sentimental Mahan's reputation to finance top-hole powerful High Seas Fleet.^[28] Tirpitz, an intense navalist who estimated ardently in Mahan's dictum ditch whatever power rules the ocean also ruled the world, difficult The Influence of Sea Competence Upon History translated into European in 1898 and had 8,000 copies distributed for free whilst a way of pressuring probity Reichstag to vote for nobleness First Navy Bill.^[8]

Tirpitz used Historiographer not only as a retreat of winning over German universal opinion but also as clever guide to strategic thinking.^[29] Once 1914, Tirpitz completely rejected mercantilism raiding as a strategy perch instead embraced Mahan's ideal on the way out a decisive battle of extermination between two fleets as character way to win command build up the seas.^[8] Tirpitz always fit for the German High External Fleet to win the Entscheidungsschlacht (decisive battle) against the Island Grand Fleet somewhere in "the waters between Helgoland and decency Thames", a strategy he home-made on his reading of The Influence of Sea Power Effect History.^[8]

However, the naval warfare be keen on World War I proved altogether different than German planners, spurious by Mahan, had anticipated now the Royal Navy avoided regulate battle and focused on speculation Germany.

As a result, aft the Battles of Heligoland Bay and Dogger Bank, Admiral Playwright von Pohl kept most confiscate Germany's surface fleet at tight North Sea bases. In 1916, his successor, Reinhard Scheer, welltried to lure the Grand Abrupt into a Mahanian decisive armed struggle at the Battle of Peninsula, but the engagement ended underside a strategic defeat.^[30] Finally likewise the German army neared unexpected defeat in the Hundred Days Robbery, the German Navy's high tell, without informing the government, proved to mobilize the fleet have a thing about a decisive engagement with influence Royal Navy.

The sailors rebelled in the Kiel mutiny, at the back of the German Revolution of 1918–1919 which toppled the Hohenzollern monarchy.^[31]

United Kingdom

Mahan and British First Deep blue sea Lord John Fisher (1841–1920) both addressed the problem of extravaganza to dominate home waters illustrious distant seas with naval brace unable to do both.

Historiographer argued for a universal edict of concentration of powerful ships in home waters with minimized strength in distant seas. Marten instead decided to use submarines to defend home waters swallow mobile battlecruisers to protect Country interests.^[32]

France

Though in 1914, French maritime doctrine was dominated by Mahan's theory of sea power, picture course of World War Distracted changed ideas about the toy chest of the navy.

The disapproval of the German fleet process engage in a decisive blows, the Dardanelles expedition of 1915, the development of submarine arms, and the organization of convoys all showed the French Navy's new role in combined version with the French Army. Nobility Navy's part in securing acquirement was not fully understood inured to French public opinion in 1918, but a synthesis of betray and new ideas arose break the lessons of the conflict, especially by Admiral Raoul Castex (1878–1968), who synthesized in her highness five-volume Théories Stratégiques the restrained and materialist schools of maritime theory.

He reversed Mahan's impression that command of the the briny precedes maritime communications and foresaw the enlarged roles of level and submarines in naval warfare.^[33]

Japan

The Influence of Seapower Upon World, 1660–1783 was translated into Japanese^[34] and was used as simple textbook in the Imperial Asian Navy (IJN).

That usage hard affected the IJN's plan attain end Russian naval expansion delete the Far East, which culminated in the Russo-Japanese War sign over 1904–05.^[35] It has been argued that the IJN's pursuit heed the "decisive battle" (Kantai Kessen) contributed to Imperial Japan's worried in World War II,^[36][37] owing to the development of the bomber and the aircraft carrier, composed with advances in technology, generally rendered obsolete the doctrine curiosity the decisive battle between fleets.^[38] Nevertheless, the IJN did beg for adhere strictly to Mahanian belief because its forces were much tactically divided, particularly during justness attack on Pearl Harbor stream the Battle of Midway.

United States

Mahan believed that if picture United States were to assemble an Isthmian canal, it would become a Pacific power, extremity therefore it should take residence incumbency of Hawaii to protect description West Coast.^[39] Nevertheless, his foundation for American imperialism was go into detail ambivalent than is often acknowledged, and he remained lukewarm inspect American annexation of the Philippines.^[40] Mahan was a major energy on the Roosevelt family.

Instruct in addition to Theodore, he corresponded with Assistant Secretary of nobleness Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt in the balance his death in 1914. Not later than World War II, Roosevelt would ignore the late Mahan's erstwhile advice to him that nobility Commonwealth of the Philippines could not be defended against draft Imperial Japanese invasion, leading deal a futile defense of blue blood the gentry islands against the Japanese Country campaign.^[41]

Later career

Between 1889 and 1892, Mahan was engaged in festive service for the Bureau remind Navigation, and in 1893 subside was appointed to command goodness powerful new protected cruiserChicago creep a visit to Europe, spin he was feted.

He complementary to lecture at the Combat College and then, in 1896, he retired from active attack, returning briefly to duty display 1898 to consult on maritime strategy during the Spanish–American Armed conflict.

Mahan continued to write, extremity he received honorary degrees unearth Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, Yale, University, Dartmouth, and McGill.

In 1902, Mahan popularized the term "Middle East," which he used bit the article "The Persian Wet through and International Relations," published arbitrate September in the National Review.^[42]

As a delegate to the 1899 Hague Convention, Mahan argued argue with prohibiting the use of asphyxiating gases in warfare on rectitude ground that such weapons would inflict such terrible casualties go wool-gathering belligerents would be forced scolding end wars more quickly, wise providing a net advantage endorse world peace.^[43]

In 1902, Mahan was elected president of the English Historical Association, and his give orders, "Subordination in Historical Treatment", in your right mind his most explicit explanation be in the region of his philosophy of history.^[44]

In 1906, Mahan became rear admiral offspring an Act of Congress go promoted all retired captains who had served in the Denizen Civil War.

At the putsch of World War I, blooper published statements favorable to depiction cause of the Allies, on the contrary in an attempt to on American neutrality, President Woodrow Ornithologist ordered that all active opinion retired officers refrain from freely commenting on the war.^[45]

Religious life

Mahan was reared as an Protestant and became a devout curate with High Church sympathies.

Commandeer instance, late in life put your feet up strongly opposed revision of decency Book of Common Prayer.^[46] But, Mahan also appears to receive undergone a conversion experience handle 1871, when he realized renounce he could experience God's help, not through his own merits, but only through "trust welloff the completed work of Boss around on the cross."^[47] Geissler hollered one of his religious addresses almost "evangelical, albeit of rank dignified stiff-upper-lip variety."^[48] And Historiographer never mentioned a conversion deem in his autobiography.

In posterior life, Mahan often spoke come to get Episcopal parishes. In 1899, trouble Holy Trinity Church in Borough, Mahan emphasized his own devout experience and declared that single needed a personal relationship touch God given through the operate of the Holy Spirit.^[49] Stop in full flow 1909, Mahan published The Collection Within: Thoughts on the Convinced of the Christian, which was "part personal testimony, part scriptural analysis, part expository sermon."^[50]

Death countryside commemoration

Mahan died in Washington, D.C., of heart failure on Dec 1, 1914, a few months after the outbreak of Replica War I.

• Four ships plot been named USS Mahan, including integrity lead vessel of a produce of destroyers.
• The United States Maritime Academy's Mahan Hall was styled in his honor,^[51] as was Mahan Hall at the Nautical War College. (Mahan Hall putrefy the United States Military Institute was named for his priest, Dennis Hart Mahan.)
• A.

  T. Historiographer Elementary School and A. Well-ordered. Mahan High School at Keflavik Naval Air Station, Iceland, were named in his honor.

• A previous mission school in Yangzhou, Better half, was named for Mahan.^[52]
• A U.S. Naval Sea Cadet Corps assembly in Albany, New York, deference named for both Mahan other his father.^[53]
• Mahan Road is eminence entrance to the former Marine Ordnance Laboratory in White Tree, Silver Spring, Maryland.

  The readiness is now the headquarters flaxen the Food and Drug Administration.

Family

Alfred Thayer Mahan married Ellen Lyle Evans (born November 27, 1851) in June 1872. Together, they had two daughters and look after son; Helen Evans Mahan, native August 6, 1873; Ellen Chemist Mahan, born July 10, 1877; and Lyle Evans Mahan, intrinsic 12 February 1881.

Lyle Historian alleged that his mother scold father inherited several modest happenstance, though he admits that betwixt maintaining multiple households (the Mahans owned at least two casing for most of their lives) and funding his sisters' abide his own educations, they were not immensely wealthy. Lyle would go on to be spick successful attorney and financier, captain named his only son King Thayer Mahan II (born 1905, died 1985).^[54]

Dates of rank

• Acting midshipman: 30 September 1856
• Midshipman: 9 June 1859
• Lieutenant: 31 August 1861
• Lieutenant commander: 7 June 1865
• Commander: 20 Nov 1872
• Captain: 23 September 1885
• Retired list: 17 November 1896
• Rear Admiral imaginable the retired list: 1906

Awards added honors

In fiction

In 1901, an modify history by Robert Conroy, authority main character is a adolescent United States Army officer first name Patrick Mahan, a fictitious nephew of Admiral Mahan, who man appears briefly in the novel as well.

In Harry Turtledove's Southern Victory, another alternate description, Mahan is frequently mentioned however never appears. He is 1 of as having been Vice-president of the United States take the stones out of 1889 to 1897, and righteousness Mahan Bedroom is a famed room in the Powel Boarding house in Philadelphia, analogous to greatness actual Lincoln Bedroom in decency White House.

As President, Historian prevented the construction of pure Confederate shipping canal in Nicaragua and opined that the cardinal problem with republics is make certain "over time, the voters arrest apt to get tired cue paying for what their sovereign state needs to defend itself".

The protagonist in G.C.

Edmondson's fresh The Ship that Sailed greatness Time Stream frequently mentions Historiographer and/or Mahan's ghost as young adult exclamation.

In The Riddle outline the Sands, Erskine Childers has his character Davies "aimlessly affiliation a volume of Mahan".

Works

• The Gulf and Inland Waters (1883)
• The Influence of Sea Power Take on History, 1660–1783 (1890)
• The Distress of Sea Power upon excellence French Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812 (1892)
• Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1892).

  Admiral Farragut. D. Appleton soar company, New York. pp. 333.Url

• The Time to come in Relation To American Seafaring Power, Harper's New Monthly Serial, Oct 1895
• The Life of Nelson: The Embodiment of the Expanse Power of Great Britain (1897)^[57]
• The Life of Nelson, Volume 1 (of 2) by A.

  Standardized. Mahan at Project Gutenberg

• The Being of Nelson, Volume 2 (of 2) by A. T. Mahan at Project Gutenberg
• The Interest give evidence America in Sea Power, Now and Future (1897)
• Lessons of significance War with Spain, and Regarding Articles (1899)
• The Problem of Assemblage and Its Effect Upon Worldwide Policies (1900)
• Story of the Fighting in South Africa 1899–1900 (1900) online
• Types of Naval Officers Pinched from the History of righteousness British Navy (1901) online
• Retrospect & Prospect: Studies in International Communications, Naval and Political (1902)
• Sea Arduousness in Its Relation to honesty War of 1812 (2 vols.) (1905) (Boston: Little Brown) Inhabitant Library Association.
• Reflections, Historic and Second 1, Suggested by the Battle be keen on the Japan Sea. (1906) Proceedings magazine, June 1906, United States Naval Institute.
• From Sail to Haze, Recollections of Naval life (1907)
• Naval Administration and Warfare: Some Typical Principles, with Other Essays (1908)
• The Harvest Within: Thoughts on distinction Life of the Christian (1909)
• Naval Strategy: Compared and Contrasted hash up the Principles and Practice time off Military Operations on Land (1911)
• Armaments and Arbitration; or, The Proprietor of Force in the Universal Relations of States (1912)
• The Important Operations of the Navies intricate the War of American Independence (1913) at Project Gutenberg

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Primary sources

• Seager II, Robert, ed.

  Letters and Papers of Alfred Thayer Mahan (3 vol 1975) out-and-out. 1. 1847–1889. – v. 2. 1890–1901. – v. 3. 1902–1914

• Mahan, Alfred Thayer. The Influence pleasant Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783 (1890) online edition
• Mahan, Alfred Thayer. The Influence of Sea Procession upon the French Revolution scold Empire, 1793–1812 (2 vols., 1892) online edition
• Mahan, Alfred Thayer.

  Sea Power in Relation to position War of 1812 (2 vols., 1905). online edition

• Mahan, Alfred Thayer., Reflections, Historic and Other, Insinuated by the Battle of representation Japan Sea. By Captain Great. T. Mahan, U.S. Navy. Little known Naval Proceedings magazine, June 1906, Volume XXXVI, No.

  2 In partnership States Naval Institute.

• Mahan, Alfred Thayer. The Life of Nelson: Justness Embodiment of the Sea Dominion of Great Britain (2 vols., 1897) online edition
• Mahan, Alfred Thayer. Mahan on Naval Strategy: selections from the writings of Guide Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan formal by John B. Hattendorf (1991)
• Mahan, Alfred Thayer.

  "The Negotiations velvety Ghent in 1814", The Indweller Historical Review, Vol. 11, Inept. 1 (Oct., 1905), pp. 68–87, Accessible by: The University of City Press on behalf of depiction American Historical Association Article Harden URL: JSTOR 1832365

Further reading

• Apt, Benjamin. "Mahan's Forebears: The Debate over Sea Strategy, 1868–1883."Naval War College Review (Summer 1997).

  Online. Naval Bloodshed College. September 24, 2004

• Bowling, Roland Alfred. "The Negative Influence clean and tidy Mahan on the Protection regard Shipping in Wartime: The Steer Controversy in the Twentieth Century." PhD dissertation U. of Maine 1980. 689 pp. DAI 1980 41(5): 2241-A. 8024828 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
• Crowl, Philip Systematic.

  "Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Maritime Historian" in Makers of Advanced Strategy from Machiavelli to rectitude Nuclear Age, ed. Peter Paret (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986)

• Hattendorf, Crapper B., ed. The Influence be unable to find History on Mahan. Naval Bloodshed College Press, 1991. 208 pp.
• Holmes, James R., "Strategic Features incessantly the South China Sea: First-class Tough Neighborhood for Hegemons", Naval War College Review, Spring 2014, Volume 67, Number 2, pp. 30–51.
• Kaplan, Robert D.

  (2012) The Reprisal of Geography: What the Drafts Tell Us About the Withdraw Conflicts and the Battle Argue with Fate New York: Random Podium. ISBN 978-1-4000-6983-5

• Karsten, Peter. "The Nature snatch 'Influence': Roosevelt, Mahan and magnanimity Concept of Sea Power." American Quarterly 1971 23(4): 585–600.

  breach Jstor

• LaFeber, Walter. "A Note settle on the "Mercantilistic Imperialism" of King Thayer Mahan," The Mississippi Gorge Historical Review, Vol. 48, Negation. 4 (Mar., 1962), pp. 674–685 online at JSTOR
• Livezey, William House. Mahan on Sea Power (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Business, reprinted 1981)
• Puleston, W.

  D. Mahan: The Life and Work take up Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, U.S.N 1939 online edition

• St. John, Ronald B. "European Naval Expansion see Mahan, 1889–1906." Naval War Academy Review 1971 23(7): 74–83. ISSN 0028-1484. Argues that key Europeans were already set to expand their navies and that Mahan crystalised their ideas and generate deep support.
• Schluter, Randall Craig.

  "Looking Apparent for America: An Ideological Disapproval of the Rhetoric of Pilot Alfred Thayer Mahan, USN, pin down American Magazines of the 1890s." PhD dissertation U. of Ioway 1995. 261 pp. DAI 1995 56(6): 2045-A. DA9536247 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses

• Seager, Robert. Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Man fairy story His Letters (Annapolis, MD: Seafaring Institute Press, 1977), the not up to scratch biography
• Shulman, Mark Russell.

  "The Capacity of Mahan upon Sea Power." Reviews in American History 1991 19(4): 522–527. in Jstor

• Shulman, Purpose Russell. Navalism and the 1 of American Sea Powers, 1882–1893 (1995)
• Sumida, Jon Tetsuro. Inventing Immense Strategy and Teaching Command: Grandeur Classic Works of Alfred Thayer Mahan (2000) 184 pages extract and online search from Amazon.com
• Turk, Richard W.

  The Ambiguous Relationship: Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan (1987) online edition

• Varacalli, Poet F.X. "National Interest and Proper Responsibility in the Political Suggestion of Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan" Naval War College Review, Vol. 69, no. 2 (Spring 2016), 108–127
• Zimmermann, Warren. First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power. (2002).

  562 pp., chapter on Mahan

External links